Memories as Archives

This article was triggered by a question I was asked recently about the two-volume collection of late HT Parekh’s writings published way back in 1995 when I was working with ICICI – then a development bank – The Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India. The volumes were published by ICICI and HDFC (Housing Development and Finance Corporation) on his first death anniversary to commemorate his contribution to the building of these two financial powerhouses in India.

Photograph: Nihar Sagar

Both these development-oriented institutions, bowing to the ‘needs of the hour’, have been converted to commercial banks by merging themselves into the banks they had set up. HDFC has announced the decision and conversion is still some time away.

But why am I writing this piece now about an event that happened almost three decades ago? The answer: to record my memories. It is my belief that faithfully recorded memories have archival relevance.

Many in India may remember HTP (as HT Parekh was known in professional and social circles) as the doyen of Industrial finance in India. But I was surprised to find that the fairly authoritative and the first book on the history of Indian business by an Indian economic historian Dr Dwijendra Tripathi – The Oxford History of Indian Business (published in 2004) – did not have a single reference to HT Parekh. HTP had played a seminal role in the growth of the financial infrastructure of the country for almost half a century (late-1940s to mid-1990s) – the capital and money market, financial institutions and banks – and important facets of the credit and monetary policies. How can one think of Indian business without finance?

Be that as it may, I was asked about the ‘background’ to the publication of the two volumes of HTP’s writings and how I went about collecting all the articles and text of his speeches spanning those decades. Well, it did not take me much time, as I had myself compiled the entire file containing his speeches and articles while he was still alive! Although my professional contact with him began in the early-1970s, I think I started putting the collection together some time in the late-1980s. By then, I had worked closely with him on editing and publishing ICICI: Story of a Development Bank 1955-1979 – after which he would ask me to edit all his writings.

Photograph: Dr Sanjeev Bothra

So, putting together the contemporary writings was not an issue; but I did do a lot of research for his earlier materials and started compiling the collection chronologically. Every time I added a piece to the file, he would give me one of his beatific smiles as he thought I was a bit crazy! I would tell him ‘who knows some day someone may want information on the capital market in India and your articles and speeches may provide valuable information to that researcher’. And he would indulge me!

Many, many years later, this indeed was the response of business historian Medha M Kudaisya, teaching at the National University of Singapore who was then researching for her book on the Bombay Plan and looking for references of that period. This is what she e-mailed me when I sent her the reference to these volumes: "Have managed to get hold of India in Transition through the Eyes of a Visionary! It’s a fantastic resource for the Bombay Plan. It was not available so could not buy it but have got it from the Australian Nat(ional) University on inter-library loan. Congratulations on such good volumes!"

As a social historian, I have always believed that the briefest documents, or even personal letters, or photographs, when contextualised, contain a lot of ‘incidental’ information about the times lived in, that may be of use to future researchers. When I was in the corporate sector, I would argue for the need for archives and plead with colleagues to preserve documents and photographs – physically those days, as technology for converting to digital documents or images was not available then.

So, when editorial work on the commemoration volumes started, it was a fairly easy task – I did not have to go far looking for the content. Though the challenge was on how to structure the sections, since HTP was so articulate and wrote on so many subjects! We classified the articles into eight sections – four in each volume of the book. Volume-1 included: capital market, development banking, credit policy, regional cooperation. Volume-2 covered: industry, economic policy, housing and general & miscellaneous.

Photograph: Nihar Sagar

HTP used every opportunity — be it a letter to the editor or a book review or, indeed, a speech at a public function — to make a point, to persuade and to provide intelligent and well-considered commentary on the subject. Little did we realise that there were 300 pieces, written over the period 1940s to 1990s, in English (he also wrote fairly extensively in Gujarati). The challenge was to contextualise every piece – whether it was a speech, an article or just thoughts he had penned that we found among his personal papers. Even more challenging was to date all the pieces. Fortunately, I was able to do this for almost 90% of the writings! When viewed retrospectively, these provide a peek into the times when debates and discussions formed the bedrock of public policy.

As I wrote in the Preface to the volumes (signed by the then chairmen of ICICI and HDFC), "HT Parekh himself would never have consented to this enterprise during his own lifetime. He was too modest and self effacing a person to believe that it would be of any value to present and future generations. We have thought otherwise... We debated, carefully, the merits of making a selection of his most important pieces rather than publishing nearly all his available works. We arrived at the conclusion that, for several important reasons, it would be preferable to adopt the latter course as it would place his writings in a historical perspective, indicate the progress of his own thinking on the subjects he cared about and, most importantly, demonstrate the persistence of his views over a long period of time. Not to publish the whole would have risked the imposition of the implicit bias of the editors and would have severely detracted from the chronology of thought that would be of importance to anyone interested in the economic and financial history of the period." 

Dr IG Patel wrote in the Foreword to  the volumes, "the collection brings home the fact that HTP was a man of considerable intellectual and analytical ability which he employed for arriving at his prescriptions and agenda for public or private action. If he was a karma-yogi in every sense of the word, his activities were rooted in gyana (study, analysis and judgement) as well as bhakti (devotion and compassion) — all three making a rare and very potent amalgam."

Although today we have far better developed financial infrastructure in the country, researchers and business historians will find in the collection invaluable information about the evolution of many institutions the foundations for which HTP had laid.

 

Story of How the "Story of a Development Bank" Was Designed

Forty long years after this “book” was published, and almost two decades since the Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India (ICICI), whose silver jubilee it sought to commemorate, lost its identity, it is time to put the book out in the public domain as an archival document. Apart from the graphic design of the book, what also needs to be archived, as a case-study perhaps, is the entire experience of creating a commemorative volume at a time when imaging and printing technology were rudimentary in India; simple things like getting the right colour and conveying the right emotion through visuals was an achievement! Even graphic literacy was in its infancy in the country and there were few in the corporate world at that time who understood subliminal messaging.

The Assignment

The year was 1978. I had not even completed three years of employment with ICICI, then a development bank. But, in that brief period, I had inspired a feeling of respect with the then top echelons of the organisation, perhaps because of my background of research in development administration and of what they perceived as my writing skills. I was still too ‘wet behind the ears’ to understand my abilities and too steeped in the upbringing of self-effacing professionalism, to appreciate the reason for that respect. For a comparative novice in the hierarchical corporate world, and a very junior employee, it was quite an enviable achievement.

HT Parekh, who had just retired as the Chairman of ICICI, after having launched HDFC (Housing Development Finance Corporation) in 1977, undertook to write the history of ICICI as its silver jubilee commemoration volume. He specifically asked for my services as a research and editorial assistant. And Siddharth Mehta, the then Chairman & Managing Director (CMD) of ICICI entrusted to me the task of ‘publishing’ the book. In his signature way, he told me: “Remember, I want a world-class book. And the deadline is sacrosanct.” There was no ‘briefing’ about design, agency, size, paper, costs, etc.

Thus commenced the odyssey resulting in this publication – I would have hardly called it a book. The text was a longish personal memoir by HT Parekh (HTP, as he was known in the haloed world of banking & finance as well as government and corporate circles). In that genre, it had nuggets of very valuable information – in fact, invaluable for a business historian of that period. But the manuscript was all of about 50 pages! HTP did not want a data-heavy book; its target audience comprised international bankers, corporate executives and Indian policy-makers – who would lap up every word that HTP wrote – such was his standing in those circles. So the author too did not expect a typical coffee-table tome that would be looked at but not read. But he did want gloss and colour. His one sentence brief to me was: “I want a book that’s good looking – one which will be noticed all over the world.”

The challenge was terrific and the opportunity once-in-a-lifetime one. Of course, I had to work with the best designer available in Bombay then – one who would be able to translate my concept into a work of art. So I turned to Yeshwant Chaudhary with whom I had just finished working on the corporate identity of HDFC. My instinct, and the experience of designing the HDFC symbol and logo, told me that Yeshwant Chaudhary would be able to weave together the symbolism of Indian tantric art with the industrial photography of Mitter Bedi blended with the thematic photography of Vilas Bhende and the philosophy of development that HTP and ICICI espoused.

The Concept

In the 1970s, communicators in India were animated about Marshall Macluhan’s book “Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man”, in which he had coined the famous phrase “medium is the message.” I discussed with Yeshwant Chaudhary if a similar visual phraseology could be developed to communicate ‘Industry – The Extension of Man’. It would convey that ICICI was into assisting Indian industry; industry was working toward the total development of man; it was in a way extension of human faculties – the five senses. If we could develop that graphic phraseology, it would add a lot of gravitas to ‘verbal content’ of the book – where the book, as the medium, would also deliver the message of total development of humankind through industrialisation.

The concept charged up Yeshwant Chaudhary such that we spent nearly three months debating various aspects of this phraseology – even as HTP and Siddharth Mehta were getting impatient to “see” the presentation of the concept. They had to approve it before I could go ahead and commit the financial resources and work out a detailed implementation plan – within the deadline! We presented to them just the three theme pages; and we had expected that we would have to spend at least an hour explaining the why and the wherefore of it. We came out beaming, in three minutes flat! The visuals were powerful enough. No ‘wordy’ explanations were needed.

These were the three finally printed spreads.

Three images of the cover and the two theme pages

For readers who may like to access the entire document, here is the link 

http://bit.ly/ICICI_1955_1979

Creating Visual Corporate Identity: A Personal Memoire

This piece, though autobiographical, contains ‘archival’ documentation of my earliest experience in creation of corporate identity. The documentation may be useful for students of design interested in history, especially since it is not available in the public domain, as yet.

It was sometime in 1976. HT Parekh had retired as the chairman of ICICI in 1976. (Today’s generation may not even know that ICICI was, at that stage, a development bank; the acronym stood for the Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India.) After retirement, he wanted to pursue his dream to set up a company that would provide housing finance to individuals. No institutional loans for housing were available then in India; and all lending was capital-geared, not income-geared. It was a path-breaking effort.

He had chosen a small team from ICICI who would assist him in all the preliminary steps for incorporating this new company. My responsibilities were related to what was loosely known then as ‘corporate communications’ which involved anything from writing & research to supervising the printing and stationery design! Once the company was registered and the name clearance received for Housing Development Finance Corporation of India (HDFC), the first among my tasks was designing the letterhead and stationery.

At that stage, ‘branding’ and ‘corporate identity’ had not yet become the buzzwords that they are now. There was barely any ‘design thinking’ on this aspect among corporate chieftains of those times. So when I asked HTP (as Mr Parekh was generally referred to), whether he wanted me to develop a symbol or a logo for the company, he looked at me quizzically and said: “I don’t know the difference. Do what you think is necessary.” And with his Buddha-like smile, he uttered his signature words: “Do your worst! Come back to me only with the final product, if you are personally satisfied with it.” That was the kind of freedom he gave to those of us whose professional judgement he trusted.

There were two outstanding designers in Bombay whose names I had heard frequently in advertising circles then: Yeshwant Chaudhary and Sudarshan Dheer. I just so happened that I could contact Mr Chaudhary first, as Mr Dheer was out of town on that particular day.

Yeshwant Chaudhary, a brilliant alumnus of the Sir JJ Institute of Applied Arts (Bombay), who had done his post-graduate studies from the Central School of Art and Design (London) and worked for CIBA (International, Switzerland), had returned to India and set up his own firm Communica Corporate Communications. Our preliminary meeting went off so well that I decided to work with him on the assignment.

My brief to Mr Chaudhary was simply that we were working towards the establishment of a new company that would offer a new financial product for the Indian market. Those familiar with the business environment of the 1970s might recall that financial instruments were not even perceived as ‘products’ in those days. To explain the concept and the ‘attributes’ of the product meant several discussions with Mr Chaudhary. Finally, my brief to Mr Chaudhary was: 

1) Since the company was looking at retail finance, he should work on a symbol. In India, a country of many languages, a logotype of HDFC, an abbreviation of the name in English, would convey little. 

2) The symbol should be so powerful that it should establish the product, namely, housing finance, which itself was new for India.

We then went into long discussions on the philosophy that the company would represent. In those days, ‘mission statements’ or ‘vision statements’ were not fashionable. So, my elucidation of the intended philosophy of the organisation was derived from the many, many discussions I had had with HTP on the subject. The parameters of the philosophy were: 

1) HDFC would strengthen the financial infrastructure of the country by catering for a ‘felt need’ of a large, emergent middle class. 

2) Steeped as he was in the philosophy of development finance, HTP said his organisation would always be ‘development-oriented’. 

3) The organisation would always be customer-focused and based on ethical practices, especially since the real estate sector in India was mired in practices that were to the contrary. 

4) The business of the organisation was predicated on the belief that the average Indian borrower takes repayment liability seriously, if the credit-provider was not ‘extractive’ and understood the borrower’s capacity to repay. 

5) HDFC would encourage developments in housing technology and skills. 

6) Since HDFC would channel the savings and investments of the ordinary public, it would keep these stakeholders’ interest in mind. 

7) It would be a publicly-owned, professionally managed company, along the lines of ICICI that HTP had nurtured for 20 long years at its helm and prevented it from near extinction.

The combination of symbol and logotype that Mr Chaudhary developed is now a part of the annals of visual communications. His treatment of four panels that constituted the symbol was as bricks. According to him, these stood for ‘Housing, Environmental Development, Finance and Recycling of Resources’. One panel was in red, as he wanted it to stand out; it indicated Finance and was abbreviated as F in the acronym – that was also in red. We deliberately chose to use the logo in lower case rather than capital letters for several reasons. One, HTP’s approach was always diminutive. He was not an aggressive, chest-thumping banker and chose to let performance speak for itself. Two, the organisation was introducing a new concept; it was taking small baby steps. Three, lower case letters lent themselves better in execution of a composite of the symbol and logo. Mr Chaudhary’s design had the symbol and the logotype as one unit; the symbol above and the logotype below.

When Mr Chaudhary and I went to make the presentation to HTP, we entered his room with trepidation. I was nervous because it was my first assignment – to create a visual corporate identity for an organisation. And, perhaps, Mr Chaudhary was anxious because he would be meeting the legendary HTP in person for the first time and also because he had based his entire execution of the identity on the basis of his interaction only with me! For safety’s sake, Mr Chaudhary had carried some of the alternatives to the combination of the symbol and the logotype. But he need not have done that. After ordering coffee for us, HTP asked for the design, had one look – I could see that he liked what he saw. And then, he asked me: “Are you happy with this?” On hearing an answer in the affirmative, he said: “OK; leave only this folder with me; I will show it to the rest of my team. How soon can you get the stationery printed?” Mr Chaudhary was incredulous. He could not believe the speed of decision-making! But that was HTP. And, as they say, the rest is history.

HDFC’s corporate identity won the CAG (Commercial Artists’ Guild) Award in that year. Today, this organisation is called Communication Arts Guild. The name change occurred somewhere in the 1980s; among the people behind the name change were Mr Dheer and Mr Chaudhary who argued that ‘commercial artists’ almost had a pejorative connotation! At one time, CAG Awards were the most coveted recognition of professional talent in Indian advertising industry. Now, the organisation has nearly faded into oblivion.

HDFC used the information – of winning the CAG Award – in a corporate advertisement. The copy of the advertisement ‘explained’ the corporate identity. It read: “the four bricks together project the four fold activities of HDFC i. e. Housing, Environmental Development, Finance and recycling of Resources. In the emblem, one of the bricks is red. Similarly, in the logotype of HDFC ‘F’ is also red. Because F stands for Finance.” The main message was: “Remember us as the Housing Finance people. We give housing loans to individuals, co-operative societies and corporate bodies.”

Image courtesy HDFC corporate communications department.

I had mentioned this experience in a commemorative issue of ICICI’s internal newsletter Swayam.

It is a tribute to Yeshwant Chaudhary’s work that, in the 40 years since, HDFC has made only marginal changes in his design – they use HDFC now in capital letters! The first change was made in 1984 and the second and third in quick succession, in 1994 and 1998. These images are reproduced below.

Image courtesy HDFC corporate communications department.

The Brick that Launched HDFC

This is an example of corporate archives. An archival object is used as an exhibit on the Management floor of HDFC Limited in Mumbai.

The year was 1977. An organisation to finance homes was being launched by HT Parekh. It was a bold experiment in institutional financing in India then because it was based on the premise of income-gearing rather than capital-gearing. The entire team working with HT Parekh was charged up with his passion for institution building.Most of his initial team was working with ICICI, the development bank that HT Parekh had led from 1956 to 1977. I had the opportunity to work on creating a corporate identity of this fledgling organisation along with Yeshwant Chaudhary, one of the foremost commercial artists of the country at that time.

While designing the brochure for the launch of the organisation, we wanted to use a brick on which we would embed the logo. We wanted a brick that would have some grooves; the ordinary bricks that were available in Bombay in those days were like plain moulded blocks and the photography as well as printing techniques in those days were such that, visually, a building brick was no different from a brick of ice-cream!

So, I remember, we went all over the Bombay markets for building materials on a Saturday afternoon and found nothing that satisfied the creative requirements of Yeshwant Chaudhary. Finally, I recalled that the new campus of Bombay University had used Managalore bricks and I had actually used some of those bricks for a makeshift bookshelf at the university professor’s quarters that I had shared as a post-doctoral fellow. I located one of those bricks and we were able to use it the way Yeshwant Chaudhary had visualised it.

I preserved that brick and, when HDFC completed a decade of operations, I gifted it to HDFC with a letter to HT Parekh, who was still the Chairman of the organisation, recounting the romance of creating HDFC’s corporate identity and the role of this brick.

HDFC has preserved the brick as a part of its archives and it is displayed as an exhibit on its management floor.I am sure that, as an archival resource, it will add a human interest dimension to the corporate history, when it is written.

Photograph courtesy HDFC Limited